El artículo esboza algunos hitos fundamentales del desarrollo de las ciencias sociales en el siglo XX que dieron cabida al interés por las vidas ordinarias, en disputa con el privilegio de atención concedido entonces a las élites y los grandes personajes, de donde se configura un marco epistemológico que acoge el estudio de los individuos y grupos sociales subordinados en la modernidad, dotado de un nuevo arsenal de métodos y técnicas basados en los testimonios orales y documentos personales. A través (...) del seguimiento de dicha ruta, condicionada por los múltiples tributos de las ciencias de la cultura, la literatura, la sistematización del pensamiento pedagógico y la variopinta experiencia histórica global, se comprenden las condiciones de emergencia del paradigma biográfico narrativo en educación. (shrink)

El problema de la intencionalidad ha sido el foco de discusiones losó cas desde sus inicios hasta el día de hoy y las diferentes explicaciones que se han dado al respecto han dado pie a la construcción de sistemas losó cos de todo tipo. Lo común a estos sistemas ha sido el uso del término intencionalidad, en sentido losó co, separado del de intención, en el sentido vulgar, pese a que ambos son actos voluntarios dirigidos hacia objetos. Dicho uso da (...) lugar a confusiones que evitan la producción de nuevo conocimiento y que, para ser aclaradas, implican un nuevo tratamiento de la intencionalidad, para la cual es útil la losofía del lenguaje y de la mente de John Searle. Mediante la lectura crítica de algunos de sus textos más representativos al respecto y de algunos autores que han hecho un análisis de ellos, este artículo comienza clari cando el concepto de intencionalidad, entendiéndolo como una característica, tanto de la conciencia, como de la voluntad. Luego, expone a grandes rasgos la teoría de la intencionalidad en John Searle, pasando de los actos de habla a los estados mentales. Por último, describe los rasgos constitutivos del lenguaje humano y lo compara con el lenguaje computacional. Se concluye que la intencionalidad es una característica hasta ahora exclusiva de los seres humanos y que está en directa relación con el lenguaje y el seguimiento de reglas. (shrink)

El artículo plantea dudas sobre la interpretación que Crelier hace de la ética kantiana en relación con los conflictos de deberes o dilemas. Argumentamos que, a pesar de las declaraciones de Crelier en sentido contrario, él no logra articular una interpretación de la ética de Kant en la que los dilemas morales sean admisibles. En la interpretación de Crelier, sostenemos, los dilemas que son admisibles son sólo aparentes o epistémicos. Pero no queda cabida para aquellos dilemas en los que ninguno (...) de los deberes es, objetivamente, superior a otro deber en conflicto. (shrink)

The article aims to document the types of cyberviolence faced by 120 students of an urban high school in the cd. Toluca. Understood as an aggressive and intentional act online is about “sending and posting harmful or cruel texts or images over the Internet or other digital media”. Based on a mixed research design, the “online violence” self-report was applied, which allowed to identify trends and subsequently, from a narrative generating question, the experience stories with online violence were recovered.

La constitución de Jesús en el pensamiento de Ibn ‘Arabī depende de su herencia materna y paterna. El ángel Gabriel toma el estatuto de padre por su aparición a María y por ser el portador de un “Espíritu que procede de Dios”. En este artículo presentaremos la herencia que Jesús recibe del ángel y las repercusiones que sobre su ser tendrá el encuentro de una madre humana y un espíritu angélico. Jesús va a ser un ser dual sobre el (...) que va a primar su aspecto espiritual, puesto que el “agua imaginal” de Gabriel primará sobre el “agua real” de María. Será medio humano y medio espíritu. Su “cristología” es plenamente islámica, pero se acerca, de esta manera, sin identificarse, al docetismo. Jesús aparecerá como un varón, aun siendo un espíritu, y será, por ello, capaz de obrar milagros de vivificación. Para el gran maestro sufí, cada profeta es manifestador de una cualidad divina; en el caso de Jesús, él es la corporalización del Aliento divino. (shrink)

Los desafíos de la filosofía para el siglo XXI -- ¿La filosofía tiene alguna función en la sociedad? -- ¿Incide la filosofía mexicana en la sociedad actual? -- Diez tesis sobre el papel de la filosofía en la educación y la sociedad -- La filosofía y las humanidades y su no lugar en la reforma de la educación media superior puesta en marcha por la Secretaría de Educación Pública -- La tarea de las humanidades hoy -- En torno al libro (...) Ser y quehacer de la universidad. Ciencia, poder, eticidad, de Francisco Piñon -- El edificio de la razón, de Jaime Labastida -- Tres retos de la sociedad por venir, de Luis Villoro -- Ética y política, de Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez. (shrink)

It is common to distinguish two great families of representation. Symbolic representations include logical and mathematical symbols, words, and complex linguistic expressions. Iconic representations include dials, diagrams, maps, pictures, 3-dimensional models, and depictive gestures. This essay describes and motivates a new way of distinguishing iconic from symbolic representation. It locates the difference not in the signs themselves, nor in the contents they express, but in the semantic rules by which signs are associated with contents. The two kinds of rule have (...) divergent forms, occupying opposite poles on a spectrum of naturalness. Symbolic rules are composed entirely of primitive juxtapositions of sign types with contents, while iconic rules determine contents entirely by uniform natural relations with sign types. This distinction is marked explicitly in the formal semantics of familiar sign systems, both for atomic first-order representations, like words, pixel colors, and dials, and for complex second-order representations, like sentences, diagrams, and pictures. (shrink)

En este artículo se pretende exponer la antropología de Eugenio Trías como clave de comprensión de toda su filosofía. Para ello se estudia primero su ontología, en torno al ser del límite, y los tres cercos: cerco del aparecer, cerco hermético y cerco del límite. En un segundo momento se estudia su antropología filosófica, propiamente dicha, que analiza al hombre como habitante de la frontera o ser fronterizo. El hombre es entendido como un límite entre lo divino y lo animal, (...) entre la naturaleza de la que proviene (nacimiento) y el arcano hacia el que se mueve (muerte). Por último se analiza cómo esta antropología de Trías permite acceder a campos que la filosofía había descuidado, como pueden ser la ética y la religión. (shrink)

Groups are ubiquitous in our lives. But while some of them are highly structured and appear to support a shared intentionality and even a shared agency, others are much less cohesive and do not seem to demand much of their individual members. Queues, for example, seem to be, at a given time, nothing over and above some individuals as they exemplify a certain spatial arrangement. Indeed, the main aim of this paper is to develop the more general thought that at (...) a given time, a group is nothing over and above some individual members as they exemplify a certain complex condition. The general conception of groups that emerges is able to accommodate a variety of constraints on a reasonable answer to the question of what are groups. (shrink)

Many on the contemporary Left assume that the Right has irrevocably taken control of cyberspace. Many believe that the terrain of online memetic discourse, from 4chan to Russian interference in the 2016 election via social media, is now the domain of trolls, fascists, and neo-Nazis. In this article, Gabriel Keehn argues against that assumption, tracing the ways in which the Right won the meme war and arguing for the educative and liberatory potential of a left counteroffensive in this still (...) contested space. (shrink)

Andrés de Guevara y Basoazábal (1748-1801), jesuita novohispano guanajuatense, escribió las Institutionum elementarium philosophiae, donde su autor ofrece un currículo deseable para la juventud mexicana que incluya la ciencia moderna empírica, la política virtuosa y la sabiduría humana. A través de una traducción comparativa del latín al español del proemio de la citada obra, este artículo pretende: 1) contextualizar al autor novohispano, 2) mostrar la recepción de la ciencia moderna desde los elementos aristotélicos de los que Guevara dispuso, y 3) (...) mostrar que la modernidad y la tradición aristotélica se enriquecieron mutuamente; y lo que debía de reformarse era la escolástica anquilosada. Se concluye que a través del proemio De vicissitundinibus de Guevara se evidencia la recepción mexicana de la modernidad emanada de una mentalidad aristotélica. (shrink)

The doctrine that whatever could exist does exist leads to a proliferation of possibly concrete objects given certain principles of recombination. If, for example, there could have been a large infinite number of concrete objects, then there is at least the same number of possibly concrete objects in existence. And further cardinality considerations point to a tension between the preceding doctrine and the Cantorian conception of the absolutely infinite. This paper develops a parallel problem for a variety of possible worlds (...) accounts of modality which eschew the commitment to a plethora of possibly concrete objects. Moreover, the difficulty is importantly different from more familiar threats of paradox exemplified by certain descendants of Russell's paradox of propositions and Kaplan's paradox. (shrink)

Eliminating pain is problematic when it comes to caring for people with disabilities or chronic pain. This paper locates the drive to completely eliminate pain as a project of the Enlightenment and contrasts it with the tradition of interpreting suffering throughout the Christian tradition. I introduce Jane Austen’s novel Mansfield Park as a way to continue the tradition of interpretative suffering after the Enlightenment. Using textual analysis of Jane Austen’s Mansfield Park, I demonstrate how the novel’s heroine, Fanny Price, is (...) able to resist the drive to eliminate pain through her contemplative reflection on suffering which allows her to participate in right relationships with others and God. Finally, I offer twenty-first century applications of Mansfield Park by addressing changes we can make in the church and the clinic to understand better the role pain plays in Christian life and community. (shrink)

Many consider the nature of human consciousness to be one of the last great unsolved mysteries. Why should the light turn on, so to speak, in human beings at all? And how is the electrical storm of neurons under our skull connected with our consciousness? Is the self only our brain's user interface, a kind of stage on which a show is performed that we cannot freely direct? In this book, philosopher Markus Gabriel challenges an increasing trend in the (...) sciences towards neurocentrism, a notion which rests on the assumption that the self is identical to the brain. Gabriel raises serious doubts as to whether we can know ourselves in this way. In a sharp critique of this approach, he presents a new defense of the free will and provides a timely introduction to philosophical thought about the self – all with verve, humor, and surprising insights. Gabriel criticizes the scientific image of the world and takes us on an eclectic journey of self-reflection by way of such concepts as self, consciousness, and freedom, with the aid of Kant, Schopenhauer, and Nagel but also Dr. Who, The Walking Dead, and Fargo. (shrink)

El presente trabajo aborda la experiencia cotidiana de la violencia criminal entre estudiantes de preparatoria en la ciudad de Acapulco de Juárez en el Estado de Guerrero, en el sur de México. De forma particular, la investigación analiza el rol de la violencia en la conformación de campos de experiencia y horizontes de expectativas precarios entre esta población, mostrando cómo a través de dicho proceso se conforman lo que llamamos horizontes fragmentados, al interior de los cuales la producción de sentidos (...) contradictorios en torno a la experiencia de la inseguridad contribuye a los procesos de neoproletarización en el capitalismo contemporáneo. (shrink)

Atomism is the thesis that every object is composed of atoms. This principle is generally regimented by means of an atomicity axiom according to which every object has atomic parts. But there appears to be a sense that something is amiss with atomistic mereology. We look at three concerns, which, while importantly different, involve infinite descending chains of proper parts and have led some to question standard formalizations of atomism and composition in mereology.

Business Ethics, the Environment &Responsibility, Volume 32, Issue S1, Page 1-3, April 2023.

There has recently been much debate about the idea of levying a tax on particular transactions on international financial markets. Economists have argued about how much revenue such an international financial transaction tax would raise and they disagree about what effects it would have on trade volumes, financial stability, and overall growth. Politicians have argued about the feasibility of introducing such a tax internationally and they disagree on its adequacy as a policy response to the current financial and economic crisis. (...) This article contributes to the debate about international financial transaction taxation by bringing the perspective of political philosophy to bear on the politicians’ and economists’ arguments about policy. I shall outline a framework for thinking about justice in finance, and defend the idea of an international financial transaction tax as an instrument for making the international financial system more just. (shrink)

Economic theory teaches that it is in every country’s interest to trade. Trade is a voluntary activity among consenting parties. On this view, considerations of justice have little bearing on trade, and political philosophers concerned with global justice should stay largely silent on trade. According to a very different view that has recently gained prominence, international trade can only occur before the background of an international market reliance practice shaped by states. Trade is a shared activity among states, and all (...) participating states have in principle equal claims to gains from trade. Trade then becomes a central topic for political philosophers. Both views are problematic. A third view about the role of trade in a theory of global justice is then presented, which gives pride of place to a notion of exploitation. The other two views should be abandoned. (shrink)

Dans ce livre très original, Markus Gabriel avance une théorie du soi humain qui surmonte les blocages inhérents aux positions standards en philosophie de l’esprit contemporaine. Son point de vue, le néo-existentialisme, est intégralement antinaturaliste, en ce sens qu’il rejette toute théorie selon laquelle l’ensemble de nos meilleures connaissances scientifiques naturelles serait pleinement capable de rendre compte de l’esprit humain. L’auteur montre plutôt que l’esprit humain consiste en une prolifération ouverte de vocabulaires mentalistes. Leur rôle dans la forme de (...) vie humaine consiste à rendre compte du fait que l’être humain ne se fond pas simplement dans la nature inanimée et le reste du règne animal. Les humains s’appuient sur un autoportrait qui les situe dans un contexte aussi large que possible au sein de l’univers. Ce qui distingue cet autoportrait de notre connaissance de la réalité naturelle, c’est que nous changeons en vertu de nos croyances, vraies ou fausses, au sujet de nous-mêmes. (shrink)

The paper begins with the assumption that psychological event tokens are identical to or constituted from physical events. It then articulates a familiar apparent problem concerning the causal role of psychological properties. If they do not reduce to physical properties, then either they must be epiphenomenal or any effects they cause must also be caused by physical properties, and hence be overdetermined. It then argues that both epiphenomenalism and over‐determinationism are prima facie perfectly reasonable and relatively unproblematic views. The paper (...) proceeds to argue against Kim’s (Kim, 2000, 2005) attempt to articulate a plausible version of reductionism. It is then argued that psychological properties, along with paradigmatically causally efficacious macro‐properties, such as toughness, are causally inefficacious in respect of their possessor’s typical effects, because they are insufficiently distinct from those effects. It is finally suggested that the distinction between epiphenomenalism and overdeterminationism may be more terminological than real. (shrink)

The threats we face today are unprecedented, from the existential crisis of climate change to the prospect of self-annihilation brought about by the uncontrolled expansion of AI. Add to this the crisis of liberal democracy and we seem to be swirling in a state of moral disarray, unsure whether there are any principles to which we can appeal today that would be anything other than particularistic. In contrast to this view, Markus Gabriel puts forward the bold argument that there (...) are guiding moral principles for human behaviour. These guiding principles extend across cultures, they are universally valid and form the source of universal values in the twenty-first century. In developing what he calls a 'New Moral Realism', Gabriel breathes new life into the idea that humanity's task on our planet is to enable moral progress through co-operation. It is only by achieving moral progress in a way that incorporates universal values - and thus embraces all of humanity - that we can avoid the abyss into which we will otherwise slide. Written with verve, wit and imagination, Gabriel's call for a new enlightenment is a welcome antidote to the value relativism and nihilism of our times and it lays out a moral framework within which we can work together, as surely we must, to deal with the great challenges we now face. (shrink)

Philosophers have spent millennia accumulating knowledge about knowledge. But negative epistemological phenomena, such as ignorance, falsity, and delusion, are persistently overlooked. Markus Gabriel argues that being wrong is part and parcel of subjectivity itself, adding a novel perspective on epistemic failures to debates around New Realism.

Diario metafisico (1928-1933)--Abbozzo di una fenomenologia dell'avere.--Rilievi sull'irreligione contemporanea.--Riflessioni sulla fede.--Lineamenti di una filosofia concreta.--Nota.--Nota bio-bibliografica (p. 199-200).